Pre-1950
| Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ~1837 | Analytical Engine order code | Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace | * |
| 1943-5 | Plankalkül (concept) | Konrad Zuse | * |
| 1943-6 | ENIAC coding system | John von Neumann, John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert, Herman Goldstine after Alan Turing | * |
| 1946 | ENIAC Short Code | Richard Clippinger, John von Neumann after Alan Turing | ENIAC coding system |
| 1946 | Von Neumann and Goldstine graphing system (Notation) | John von Neumann and Herman Goldstine | ENIAC coding system |
| 1947 | ARC Assembly | Kathleen Booth | ENIAC coding system |
| 1948 | CPC Coding scheme | Howard H. Aiken | Analytical Engine order code |
| 1948 | Curry notation system | Haskell Curry | ENIAC coding system |
| 1948 | Plankalkül (concept published) | Konrad Zuse | * |
| 1949 | Brief Code | John Mauchly and William F. Schmitt | ENIAC Short Code |
| 1949 | C-10 | Betty Holberton | ENIAC Short Code |
| 1949 | Seeber coding scheme (concept) | Robert Seeber | CPC Coding scheme |
1950s
| Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | Short Code | William F Schmidt, A.B. Tonik[1], J.R. Logan | Brief Code |
| 1950 | Birkbeck Assembler | Kathleen Booth | ARC |
| 1951 | Superplan | Heinz Rutishauser | Plankalkül |
| 1951 | ALGAE | Edward A Voorhees and Karl Balke | * |
| 1951 | Intermediate Programming Language | Arthur Burks | Short Code |
| 1951 | Regional Assembly Language | Maurice Wilkes | EDSAC |
| 1951 | Boehm unnamed coding system | Corrado Böhm | CPC Coding scheme |
| 1951 | Klammerausdrücke | Konrad Zuse | Plankalkül |
| 1951 | OMNIBAC Symbolic Assembler | Charles Katz | Short Code |
| 1951 | Stanislaus (Notation) | Fritz Bauer | * |
| 1951 | Whirlwind assembler | Charles Adams and Jack Gilmore at MIT Project Whirlwind | EDSAC |
| 1951 | Rochester assembler | Nat Rochester | EDSAC |
| 1951 | Sort Merge Generator | Betty Holberton | * |
| 1952 | A-0 | Grace Hopper | C-10 and Short Code |
| 1952 | Autocode | Alick Glennie after Alan Turing | CPC Coding scheme |
| 1952 | Editing Generator | Milly Koss | SORT/MERGE |
| 1952 | COMPOOL | RAND/SDC | * |
| 1953 | Speedcoding | John W. Backus | * |
| 1953 | READ/PRINT | Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman | * |
| 1954 | Laning and Zierler system | Laning, Zierler, Adams at MIT Project Whirlwind | * |
| 1954 | Mark I Autocode | Tony Brooker | Glennie Autocode |
| 1954–1955 | Fortran (concept) | Team led by John W. Backus at IBM | Speedcoding |
| 1954 | ARITH-MATIC | Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC | A-0 |
| 1954 | MATH-MATIC | Team led by Charles Katz | A-0 |
| 1954 | MATRIX MATH | H G Kahrimanian | * |
| 1954 | IPL I (concept) | Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon | * |
| 1955 | FLOW-MATIC | Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC | A-0 |
| 1955 | BACAIC | M. Grems and R. Porter | |
| 1955 | PACT I | SHARE | FORTRAN, A-2 |
| 1955-6 | Sequentielle Formelübersetzung | Fritz Bauer and Karl Samelson | Boehm |
| 1955-6 | IT | Team led by Alan Perlis | Laning and Zierler |
| 1955 | IBM | ||
| 1958 | IPL II (implementation) | Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon | IPL I |
| 1956–1958 | LISP (concept) | John McCarthy | IPL |
| 1957 | COMTRAN | Bob Bemer | FLOW-MATIC |
| 1957 | Fortran I (implementation) | John W. Backus at IBM | FORTRAN |
| 1957–1958 | UNICODE | Remington Rand UNIVAC | MATH-MATIC |
| 1957 | COMIT (concept) | * | |
| 1958 | Fortran II | Team led by John W. Backus at IBM | FORTRAN I |
| 1958 | ALGOL 58 (IAL) | ACM/GAMM | FORTRAN, IT and Sequentielle Formelübersetzung |
| 1958 | IPL V | Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon | IPL II |
| 1959 | FACT | Fletcher R. Jones, Roy Nutt, Robert L. Patrick | * |
| 1959 | COBOL (concept) | The CODASYL Committee | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN, FACT |
| 1959 | JOVIAL | Jules Schwartz at SDC | ALGOL 58 |
| 1959 | LISP (implementation) | John McCarthy | IPL |
| 1959 | MAD - Michigan Algorithm Decoder | Arden, Galler, and Graham | ALGOL 58 |
| 1959 | TRAC (concept) | Mooers | |
1960s
| Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1960 | ALGOL 60 | ALGOL 58 | |
| 1960 | COBOL 61 (implementation) | The CODASYL Committee | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN |
| 1961 | COMIT (implementation) | * | |
| 1962 | Fortran IV | FORTRAN II | |
| 1962 | APL (concept) | Iverson | * |
| 1962 | Simula (concept) | ALGOL 60 | |
| 1962 | SNOBOL | Griswold, et al. | FORTRAN II, COMIT |
| 1963 | CPL | Barron, Strachey, et al. | ALGOL 60 |
| 1963 | SNOBOL3 | Griswold, et al. | SNOBOL |
| 1963 | ALGOL 68 (concept) | van Wijngaarden, et al. | ALGOL 60 |
| 1963 | JOSS I | Cliff Shaw, RAND | ALGOL 58 |
| 1964 | MIMIC | H. E. Petersen, et al. | MIDAS |
| 1964 | COWSEL | Burstall, Popplestone | CPL, LISP |
| 1964 | PL/I (concept) | IBM | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN |
| 1964 | BASIC | Kemeny and Kurtz | FORTRAN II, JOSS |
| 1964 | IBM RPG | IBM | FARGO |
| 1964 | Mark-IV | Informatics | |
| 1964 | Speakeasy-2 | Stanley Cohen at Argonne National Laboratory | Speakeasy |
| 1964 | TRAC (implementation) | Mooers | |
| 1964? | IITRAN | ||
| 1965 | MAD/I (concept) | University of Michigan | MAD, ALGOL 60, PL/I |
| 1965 | TELCOMP | BBN | JOSS |
| 1966 | JOSS II | Chuck Baker, RAND | JOSS I |
| 1966 | ALGOL W | Niklaus Wirth, C. A. R. Hoare | ALGOL 60 |
| 1966 | Fortran 66 | FORTRAN IV | |
| 1966 | ISWIM (Concept) | Landin | LISP |
| 1966 | CORAL66 | ALGOL 60 | |
| 1967 | BCPL | Richards | CPL |
| 1967 | MUMPS | Massachusetts General Hospital | FORTRAN, TELCOMP |
| 1967 | APL (implementation) | Iverson | * |
| 1967 | Simula 67 (implementation) | Dahl, Myhrhaug, Nygaard at Norsk Regnesentral | ALGOL 60 |
| 1967 | InterLisp | D.G. Bobrow and D.L. Murphy | Lisp |
| 1967 | SNOBOL4 | Griswold, et al. | SNOBOL3 |
| 1967 | XPL | W. M. McKeeman, et al. at University of California Santa Cruz, California J. J. Horning, et al. at Stanford University | PL/I |
| 1968 | ALGOL 68 (UNESCO/IFIP standard) | A. van Wijngaarden, B.J. Mailloux, J.E.L. Peck and Cornelis H. A. Koster, et al. | ALGOL 60 |
| 1968 | POP-1 | Burstall, Popplestone | COWSEL |
| 1968 | DIBOL-8 | DEC | DIBOL |
| 1968 | Forth (concept) | Moore | |
| 1968 | LOGO | Papert | LISP |
| 1968 | MAPPER | Unisys | CRT RPS |
| 1968 | REFAL (implementation) | Valentin Turchin | * |
| 1969 | PL/I (implementation) | IBM | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN |
| 1969 | B | Ken Thompson, with contributions from Dennis Ritchie | BCPL |
| 1969 | PPL | Thomas A. Standish at Harvard University | |
| 1969 | SETL | Jack Schwartz at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences | |
| 1969 | TUTOR | Paul Tenczar & University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | |
1970s
| Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1970? | Forth (implementation) | Moore | |
| 1970 | POP-2 | POP-1 | |
| 1970 | Pascal | Wirth, Jensen | ALGOL 60, ALGOL W |
| 1971 | KRL | Daniel G. Bobrow at Xerox PARC, Terry Winograd at Stanford University | KM, FRL (MIT) |
| 1971 | Sue | Holt et al. at University of Toronto | Pascal, XPL |
| 1972 | Smalltalk | Xerox PARC | Simula 67 |
| 1972 | PL/M | Kildall at Digital Research | PL/I, ALGOL, XPL |
| 1972 | C | Dennis Ritchie | B, BCPL, ALGOL 68 |
| 1972 | INTERCAL | Don Woods and James M. Lyon | * |
| 1972 | Prolog | Colmerauer | 2-level W-Grammar |
| 1972 | SQL aka structured query language | IBM | Ingres |
| 1973 | COMAL | Christensen, Løfstedt | Pascal, BASIC |
| 1973 | ML | Robin Milner | |
| 1973 | LIS | Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell Bull | Pascal, Sue |
| 1973 | Speakeasy-3 | Stanley Cohen, Steven Pieper at Argonne National Laboratory | Speakeasy-2 |
| 1974 | GRASS | DeFanti | BASIC |
| 1974 | BASIC FOUR | MAI BASIC Four Inc. | Business BASIC |
| 1975 | ABC | Leo Geurts and Lambert Meertens | SETL |
| 1975 | Scheme | Sussman, Steele | LISP |
| 1975 | Altair BASIC | Gates, Allen | BASIC |
| 1975 | CS-4 | Miller, Brosgol et al. at Intermetrics | ALGOL 68, BLISS, ECL, HAL |
| 1975 | Modula | Wirth | Pascal |
| 1976 | Plus | Allan Ballard, Paul Whaley at the University of British Columbia | Pascal, Sue |
| 1976 | Smalltalk-76 | Xerox PARC | Smalltalk-72 |
| 1976 | SAM76 | Claude A.R. Kagan | LISP, TRAC |
| 1976 | Ratfor | Kernighan | C, FORTRAN |
| 1976 | S | John Chambers at Bell Labs | APL, PPL, Scheme |
| 1977 | FP | John Backus | * |
| 1977 | Bourne Shell (sh) | Bourne | * |
| 1977 | Commodore BASIC | Jack Tramiel | Licenced from Microsoft |
| 1977 | IDL | David Stern of Research Systems Inc | Fortran |
| 1977 | Standard MUMPS | MUMPS | |
| 1977 | Icon (concept) | Griswold | SNOBOL |
| 1977 | Green | Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell Bull for US Dept of Defense | ALGOL 68, LIS |
| 1977 | Red | Brosgol et al. at Intermetrics for US Dept of Defense | ALGOL 68, CS-4 |
| 1977 | Blue | Goodenough et al. at SofTech for US Dept of Defense | ALGOL 68 |
| 1977 | Yellow | Spitzen et al. at SRI International for US Dept of Defense | ALGOL 68 |
| 1978? | MATLAB | Moler at the University of New Mexico | * |
| 1978? | SMALL | Brownlee at the University of Auckland | Algol60 |
| 1978 | VisiCalc | Bricklin, Frankston marketed by VisiCorp | * |
| 1979 | Modula-2 | Wirth | Modula |
| 1979 | REXX | Cowlishaw | PL/I, BASIC, EXEC 2 |
| 1979 | AWK | Aho, Weinberger, Kernighan | C, SNOBOL |
| 1979 | Icon (implementation) | Griswold | SNOBOL |
| 1979 | Vulcan dBase-II | Ratliff | * |
1980s
1990s
| Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | AMOS BASIC | François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos | STOS BASIC |
| 1990 | AMPL | Robert Fourer, David Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories | |
| 1990 | Object Oberon | H Mössenböck, J Templ, R Griesemer | Oberon |
| 1990 | J | Iverson, R. Hui at Iverson Software | APL, FP |
| 1990 | Haskell | Miranda | |
| 1990 | EuLisp | Common Lisp, Scheme | |
| 1991 | GNU E | David J. DeWitt, Michael J. Carey | C++ |
| 1991 | Oberon-2 | Hanspeter Mössenböck, Wirth | Object Oberon |
| 1991 | Python | Van Rossum | ABC, ALGOL 68[2], Icon, Modula-3 |
| 1991 | Oz | Gert Smolka and his students | Prolog |
| 1991 | Q | Albert Gräf | |
| 1991 | Visual Basic | Alan Cooper, sold to Microsoft | QuickBASIC |
| 1992 | Borland Pascal | Turbo Pascal OOP | |
| 1992 | Dylan | many people at Apple Computer Inc. | Common Lisp, Scheme |
| 1993? | Z Shell (zsh) | ksh | |
| 1993? | Self (implementation) | Sun Microsystems Inc. | Smalltalk |
| 1993 | Brainfuck | Urban Müller | P′′ |
| 1993 | FALSE | Wouter van Oortmerssen | Forth |
| 1993 | Revolution Transcript | HyperTalk | |
| 1993 | AppleScript | Apple Computer Inc. | HyperTalk |
| 1993 | K | Arthur Whitney | APL, Lisp |
| 1993 | Lua | Roberto Ierusalimschy et al. at Tecgraf, PUC-Rio | Scheme, SNOBOL, Modula, CLU, C++ |
| 1993 | R | Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka | S |
| 1993 | ZPL | Chamberlain et al. at University of Washington | C |
| 1993 | NewtonScript | Walter Smith | Self, Dylan |
| 1994 | ANSI Common Lisp | Common Lisp | |
| 1994 | RAPID | ABB Group | ARLA |
| 1994 | Pike | Fredrik Hübinette et al. at Linköping University | LPC, C, µLPC |
| 1994 | ANS Forth | Elizabeth Rather, et al. | Forth |
| 1995 | Ada 95 | S. Tucker Taft, et al. at Intermetrics, Inc. | Ada 83 |
| 1995 | Borland Delphi | Anders Hejlsberg at Borland | Borland Pascal |
| 1995 | ColdFusion (CFML) | Allaire | |
| 1995 | Java | James Gosling at Sun Microsystems | C, Simula 67, C++, Smalltalk, Ada 83, Objective-C |
| 1995 | LiveScript | Brendan Eich at Netscape | Self, C |
| 1995 | PHP | Rasmus Lerdorf | Perl |
| 1995 | Ruby | Yukihiro Matsumoto | Smalltalk, Perl |
| 1996 | Curl | David Kranz, Steve Ward, Chris Terman at MIT | Lisp, C++, Tcl/Tk, TeX, HTML |
| 1996 | JavaScript | Brendan Eich at Netscape | LiveScript |
| 1996 | Perl Data Language (PDL) | Karl Glazebrook, Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, and Christian Soeller | APL, Perl |
| 1996 | NetRexx | Cowlishaw | REXX |
| 1996 | Lasso | Blue World Communication | |
| 1997 | Component Pascal | Oberon microsystems, Inc | Oberon-2 |
| 1997 | E | Mark S. Miller | Joule, Original-E |
| 1997 | Pico | Free University of Brussels | Scheme |
| 1997 | Squeak Smalltalk | Alan Kay, et al. at Apple Computer Inc. | Smalltalk-80, Self |
| 1997 | ECMAScript | ECMA TC39-TG1 | JavaScript |
| 1997 | F-Script | Philippe Mougin | Smalltalk, APL, Objective-C |
| 1997 | ISLISP | ISO Standard ISLISP | Common Lisp |
| 1997 | Tea | Jorge Nunes | Java, Scheme, Tcl |
| 1997 | REBOL | Carl Sassenrath, Rebol Technologies | Self, Forth, Lisp, Logo |
| 1998 | Standard C++ | ANSI/ISO Standard C++ | C++, Standard C, C |
| 1998 | Open Source Erlang | Ericsson | Erlang |
| 1998 | M2001 | Ronald E. Prather, Trinity University (Texas) | * |
| 1998 | Pikt | Robert Osterlund (then at University of Chicago) | AWK, Perl, Unix shell |
| 1999 | XSLT (+ XPath) | W3C, James Clark | DSSSL |
| 1999 | Game Maker Language (GML) | Mark Overmars | Game Maker |
| 1999 | Harbour | Antonio Linares | dBase |
2000s
| Year | Name | Chief developer, Company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Join Java | G Stewart von Itzstein | Java |
| 2000 | Joy | von Thun | FP, Forth |
| 2000 | D | Walter Bright, Digital Mars | C, C++, C#, Java |
| 2000 | XL | Christophe de Dinechin | Ada, C++, Lisp |
| 2000 | C# | Anders Hejlsberg, Microsoft (ECMA) | C, C++, Java, Delphi, Modula-2 |
| 2000 | Ferite | Chris Ross | C, C++, Java, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scheme |
| 2001 | AspectJ | Xerox PARC | Java |
| 2001 | Processing | Casey Reas and Ben Fry | Processing |
| 2001 | Visual Basic .NET | Microsoft | Visual Basic |
| 2002 | Io | Steve Dekorte | Self, NewtonScript |
| 2003 | Nemerle | University of Wrocław | C#, ML, MetaHaskell |
| 2003 | Factor | Slava Pestov | Joy, Forth, Lisp |
| 2003 | Scala | Martin Odersky | Smalltalk, Java, Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml |
| 2003 | Squirrel | Alberto Demichelis | Lua |
| 2004 | Subtext | Jonathan Edwards | * |
| 2004 | Alma-0 | Krzysztof Apt, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica | * |
| 2004 | Boo | Rodrigo B. de Oliveira | Python, C# |
| 2004 | Groovy | James Strachan | Java |
| 2004 | Little b | Aneil Mallavarapu, Harvard Medical School, Department of Systems Biology | Lisp |
| 2005 | F# | Don Syme, Microsoft Research | Objective Caml, C#, Haskell |
| 2006 | Links | Philip Wadler, University of Edinburgh | Haskell |
| 2006 | Cobra | ChuckEsterbrook | Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C |
| 2006 | Kite | Mooneer Salem | * |
| 2006 | Windows PowerShell | Microsoft | C#, ksh, Perl, CL, DCL, SQL |
| 2006 | OptimJ | Ateji | Java |
| 2007 | Ada 2005 | Ada Rapporteur Group | Ada 95 |
| 2007 | Fantom | Brian Frank, Andy Frank | C#, Scala, Ruby, Erlang |
| 2007 | Vala | GNOME | C# |
| 2007 | Clojure | Rich Hickey | Lisp, ML, Haskell, Erlang |
| 2007 | Oberon-07 | Wirth [1] | Oberon |
| 2008 | Pure | Albert Gräf | Q |
| 2009 | Seccia | Sylvain Seccia | * |
| 2009 | Go | C, Oberon, Limbo | |
| 2010 | Fancy | Christopher Bertels | Smalltalk, Ruby, Erlang |
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